... rests, cattle are raised in large numbers, primarily for beef. Dairy farming is limited, located mainly around urban centers in eastern and southern Africa.Although some 60 percent of all cultivated land is in subsistence agriculture, commercial or cash-crop farming is common in all parts of the continent. Foodstuffs are gron for local urban markets, but coffee, cotton, cacao cocoa beans, peanuts, palm oil, and tobacco are gron by Africans for export. For certain agricultural exports, such as cacao cocoa beans, peanuts, cloves, and sisal, Africa produces more than one-half of the orld supply. European-oned plantations and farms, found mainly in eastern and southern Africa, concentrate on citrus, tobacco, and other export foodstuffs.Forestry and Fishing Although about one-quarter of Africa is covered by forest, much of the timber has little value except as local fuel. Gabon is a major producer of okoume, a ood used in making plyood Cte dIvoire, Liberia, Ghana, and Nigeria are major exporters of hardoods. Inland fishing is concentrated in the Great Rift Valley lakes and in the increasing numbers of fish farms. Ocean fishing is idespread for local consumption it is commercially important off Morocco, Namibia, and South Africa.Mining Mineral extraction provides the bulk of African export earnings, and extractive industries are the most developed sectors in most African economies. Approximately one-half of Africas mineral income comes from South Africa much of this is derived from gold and diamond mining. The other leading mineral-producing countries are Libya petroleum, Nigeria petroleum, natural gas, coal, tin, Algeria petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, and Zambia copper, cobalt, coal, lead, zinc. Petroleum is also found along the estern African coast, in the Gabon Basin, the Republic of the Congo, the DRC, and Angola. Large quantities of uranium are also mined, chiefly in South Africa, Niger, the DRC, the Central African Republic, and Gabon. The largest radium supply in the orld is located in the DRC. Some 20 percent of the orld copper reserve is concentrated in Zambia, the DRC, South Africa, and Zimbabe. The DRC also possesses about 90 percent of the orlds knon cobalt, and Sierra Leone has the largest knon titanium reserves. Africa produces some three-quarters of the orlds gold South Africa, folloed by Zimbabe, the DRC, and Ghana, are the major producers. The mines of South Africa and the DRC produce virtually the entire orld supply of gem and industrial diamonds. Iron ore is found in all parts of the continent. Most of Africas mineral ealth has been and is being developed by large, multinational concerns. Increasingly, in recent years, African governments have become substantial shareholders in the operations ithin their on countries.Manufacturing Stemming from mineral and petroleum extraction are processing industries, such as refining and smelting, hich are located in most mineral-rich countries ith adequate energy. The bulk of Africas manufacturing takes place in South Africa. Heavy industry, such as metal producing, machine making, and transportation manufacturing, is concentrated in South Africa. Significant industrial centers have also developed in Zimbabe, Egypt, and Algeria. Mineral-related industries are ell developed in the DRC and Zambia Kenya, Nigeria, and Cte dIvoire have developed primarily in textiles, light industry, and building materials. Throughout much of the rest of Africa, manufacturing is limited to making or assembling consumer goods, such as shoes, bicycles, textiles, food, and beverages. Such industries are often confined by the relatively small size of the consumer market.Energy Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, and Angola are major orld producers of petroleum. Africas natural-gas exports are centered in Algeria. Coal is concentrated in Zimbabe and South Africa the bulk of their production is used internally. The rest of Africa must import fuels. ... Download